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- Cocktail 11 4 – General Maintenance And Optimization Utility Supply Chain
- Cocktail 11 4 – General Maintenance And Optimization Utility Supply Company
- Cocktail 11 4 – General Maintenance And Optimization Utility Supply Inc
1.TERMINOLOGY
Architecture hierarchical 4, 6, 10, 11, which contains the following blocks:. Transducers signals adapting block. This block realizes the bringing of the signals taken from the process through the transducers in the unified signals range compatible with the inputs of the computing systems interfaces. In general, water network optimization practices vary according to utility needs. Table 1 shows typical network and operational modifications in water utility optimization practices. Changes made for energy management purposes also need to comply with water quality, flexibility and security objectives; thus, risk management plays a role in. Warehouse115 offers excellent beverage drink mixes in wholesale quantity. Buy coffee, tea, flavored drinks, cocktail mixes, Lemonade, smoothie mix in bulk.
Operation of water supply system is timely and daily operation of the components of a water supply system such as headworks, treatment plant, machinery and equipment, transmission mains, service reservoirs and distribution system etc. efficiently and economically to attain the objective of supplying safe and clean water equitably to the consumers.
MAINTENANCE of water supply system is defined as the art of keeping the structures, plants, machinery and equipment and other facilities in an optimum working order and proper functioning without any interruption. There are two types of maintenance viz., Preventive Maintenance and Corrective Maintenance.
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE constitutes routine works and precautions to be taken periodically to prevent the system from mal-functioning by mechanical adjustments, repairs, corrective action and planned maintenance.
CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE involves carrying out works related to break down, which has actually occurred by replacements, correction of defects etc.
Preventive maintenance is more economical than corrective maintenance and it provides uninterrupted service and avoids the need for corrective maintenance.
2 NEED FOR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Poor O&M practices have, on mimy occasions largely contributed to decreased utility or even to an early failure of newly constructed water supply facilities. Thus the health and social benefits for which the facilities were designed and implemented have not been realized, capital investment have been wholly or partially lost and scare resources are expended on the premature replacement of equipment or for the rehabilitation of facilities before they have been in operation for the full span of their useful lives. Hence, proper O&M is absolutely essential for deriving the benefits continuously from the investments made.
3 BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF O&M
Basic requirements of successful O&M of a water supply system include:
Availability of Detailed Completion Plans and Operators’ Manuals: At least five sets of the records of Completion plans of all components, Operators’ Manuals of each machineries and equipment must be made available; one set is kept in the Head office, one set at the site offices and other sets in the sub-offices. All these sets must be corrected and pdated whenever additions or alterations are made to any of the structures and equipment in the water supply systems.
Understanding the Plant: A thorough knowledge of the plant, the processes and functions of each of equipment, operating procedures and schedules of preventive maintenance by the operators as well as the engineer-in-charge of the Water Treatment Plant, pumping station and transmission and distribution system is essential.
Schedules of Operation and Preventive maintenance: A detailed schedule of unit operations and routine preventive maintenance to be carried out daily, weekly, monthly and annually is worked out and a copy of the same is made available with each of the operators. The schedules should also be exhibited on the wall near the equipment. The schedules of unit operations may have to be altered to suit changes in raw water quality, hours of availability of power, breakdowns and up-set conditions etc. The responsibility of the specific preventive maintenance work should be assigned to each of the operators.
Schedule of Inspection of Machinery : A systematic regular schedule of inspection of machinery and equipment, their lubrication and servicing programme must be prepared and provided to the operators. Appropriate supervisory control should be exercised.
Training: The personnel who are already available or chosen to carry out the activities of O&M may have to be trained through special courses or by “on the job training” to ensure that these personnel are thoroughly trained to carry out the actions required in the plan of maintenance. This training is essential from time to time so as to keep them conversant with the latest technological advances in the field and to prevent experimentation by operating personnel to meddle with equipment since often these operating personnel may not be capable to take up the required maintenance. On the job training is preferred to class room lectures. The supervisors can be trained initially and then they can later train their operators.
With proper training the existing operation and maintenance staff can do the operation and maintenance work without any extra expense.
Staff Position: Appropriate charts indicating the operating and supervisory staff actually in position should be maintained at the WTP, pumping stations and at each office for review. The job description of operating personnel shall clearly define the limits up to which these personnel can carry out normal maintenance. The job description of the Supervisor jManager shall include the requirement that they shall ensure that the operating personnel conform to these limits and thus ensure the safety of the equipment.
Records of Equipment and Machinery: For each piece of equipment and machinery records (Log book and History book) should be maintained in which all details of the equipment and activities such as servicing, lubrication, replacement of parts, operating hours on each day and other pertinent data are recorded. The O&M plan programme contains as to what should be done and when. But to decide as to how long the equipment is to be allowed to be kept in service requires information as to when it was installed, what is its normal life etc.
Good history record system shall include the following minimum information to ensure the required maintenance.
- Name of equipment and it’s location
- Serial number
- Date of procurement/ installation
- Name of manufacturer with address and telephone number.
- Name of distributor/dealer if purchased through them with address and telephone number.
- Name of servicing firm with address and telephone number.
- Major overhauls: Details with date, nature and cost
- Date, type and cost of repairs and replacement
Records of Water Quality: Complete records of physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis of water-samples collected at strategic locations at least twice in a year from source to the consumers’ taps should be maintained and reviewed. Charts could be prepared for important water quality parameters (for example turbidity, Fe residual chlorine etc.) and any changes as compared to standards must be taken note ot for taking corrective measures.
Records of Key activities of O&M: It is advisable to maintain records of certain key activities such as daily and cumulative supply of water over the years, quantity of water treated and the quantity of water supplied. Magic photo editor 7 5.
Overall Supervision and Inspection: Overall supervision and inspection of O&M activities are essential to ensure efficient functioning of all components of the water supply system.
Good Housekeeping: Buildings, other structures and equipment should be maintained in good condition. Exterior of concrete surfaces are colour washed and metallic parts are painted annually. The environment of the WTP and pump houses must be maintained clean, tidy and pleasing, by developing good garden and trees.
Operation and Maintenance Manuals
Preparation of O&M manual consisting of features of O&M of individual components of the water supply system is necessary for adopting in the O&M of the systems. The O&M features of the following components are discussed in the following subsections.
Sources
- Surface water sources and
- Intake works, pumps and machinery and Transmission systems including raw/treated water pumping mains, gravity mains, treated water transmission main from treatment works to service reservoirs.
- Service Reservoirs
- Water supply systems management including metering, UFW and leak detection
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An example of a water distribution system: a pumping station, a water tower, water mains, fire hydrants, and service lines[1][2]
A water distribution system is a part of water supply network with components that carry potable water from a centralized treatment plant or wells to water consumers in order to adequately deliver water to satisfy residential, commercial, industrial and fire fighting requirements.[3][4]
Definitions[edit]
A definition uses the term water distribution network for a portion of a water distribution system up to the service points of bulk water consumers or demand nodes that many consumers are lumped up together.[5]World Health Organization (WHO) uses the term water transmission system for a network of pipes, generally in tree-like structure that is used to convey water from water treatment plants to service reservoirs, and uses the term water distribution system for a network of pipes that generally has a loop structure to supply water from the service reservoirs and balancing reservoirs to water consumers.[6]
Components[edit]
Water main tap
A water distribution system consists of pipelines, storage facilities, pumps, and other accessories.[7]
Pipelines laid within public right of way called water mains are used to transport water within a distribution system. Large diameter water mains called primary feeders are used to connect between water treatment plants and service areas. Secondary feeders are connected between primary feeders and distributors. Distributors are water mains that are located near the water users, which also supply water to individual fire hydrants.[8] A service line is a small diameter pipe used to connect from a water main through a small tap to a water meter at user's location. There is a service valve (also known as curb stop) on the service line located near street curb to shut off water to the user's building.[9]
Water tower
Storage facilities, or distribution reservoirs, provide clean drinking water storage to ensure the system has enough water to service in fluctuating demands (service reservoirs), or to equalize the operating pressure (balancing reservoirs). They can also be temporarily used to serve fire fighting demands during a power outage. There can be many types of distribution reservoirs. A surface reservoir is a larger storage facility built on the ground with the wall lined with concrete, shotcrete, asphalt, or membrane. When a surface reservoir at the ground level cannot provide a sufficient hydraulic head to the distribution system, an elevated water tower can also be used. A standpipe is slightly different from an elevated water tower in that the standpipe allows water storage from the ground level to the top of the tank. The bottom storage area is called supporting storage, and the upper part which would be at the similar height of an elevated water tower is called useful storage. Storage facilities are typically located at the center of the service locations. Being at the central location reduces the length of the water mains to the services locations. This reduces the friction loss when water is transported over a water main.[4]
Topologies[edit]
In general, a layout of a water distribution system can be classified as grid, ring, radial or dead end system.[10]
A grid system follows the general layout of the grid road infrastructure with water mains and branches connected in rectangles. With this topology, the water can be supplied from many directions allowing good water circulation and redundancy if a section of the network is broken down. Drawbacks of this topology include difficulties of sizing the system.
A ring system is a topology with each water main that go to each road, and there is a sub-main that is branched off the water main to provide a circulation of two directions. This system has some advantages of the grid system, but it is easier to make a determination of sizing.
A radial system delivers water into multiple zones. At the center of each zone, the water is delivered radially toward the customers.
A dead end system has water mains along the roads without a particular pattern for towns that do not have road network patterns. As there are no connectivities between the mains, water can have less circulation and can have stagnation.
Integrity of the systems[edit]
Cocktail 11 4 – General Maintenance And Optimization Utility Supply Chain
The integrity of the systems are broken down into physical, hydraulic, and water quality.[3]
The physical integrity includes concerns on the ability of the barriers to prevents contaminations from the external sources to get into water distribution systems. The deterioration can be caused by physical or chemical factors.
The hydraulic integrity is an ability to maintain adequate water pressure inside the pipes throughout distribution systems. It also includes the circulation and length of time that the water travels within a distribution system which has impacts on the effectiveness of the disinfectants.
The water quality integrity is a control of degradations as the water travels through distribution systems. The impacts of water quality can be caused by physical or hydraulic integrity factors. The water quality degradations can also take place within the distribution systems such as microorganism growth, nitrification, and internal corrosion of the pipes.
Network analysis and optimization[edit]
Analyses are done to assist in design, operation, maintenance and optimization of water distribution systems. There are two main types of analyses: hydraulic, and water quality behavior as it flows through a water distribution system.[11]
Hazards[edit]
Hazards in water distribution systems can be in the forms of microbial, chemical and physical.
Most microorganisms are harmless within water distribution systems. However, when infectious microorganisms enter the systems, they form biofilms and create microbial hazards to the users. Biofilms are usually formed near the end of the distribution where the water circulation is low. This supports their growth and makes disinfection agents less effective. Common microbial hazards in distribution systems come from contamination of human faecal pathogens and parasites which enter the systems through cross-connections, breaks, and water main works, and open storage tanks.
Chemical hazards are those of disinfection by-products, leaching of piping materials and fittings, and water treatment chemicals.
Physical hazards include turbidity of water, odors, colors, scales which are buildups of materials inside the pipes from corrosions, and sediment resuspension.
There are several bodies around the world that create standards to limit hazards in the distribution systems: NSF International in North America; European Committee for Standardization, British Standards Institution and Umweltbundesamt in Europe; Japanese Standards Association in Asia; Standards Australia in Australia; and Brazilian National Standards Organization in Brazil.[6]
Lead service lines[edit]
Lead contamination in drinking water can be from leaching of lead that was used in old water mains, service lines, pipe joints, plumbing fittings and fixtures. According to WHO, the most significant contributor of lead in water in many countries is the lead service line.[6]
Maintenance[edit]
Internal corrosion control[edit]
Water quality can be deteriorated by the internal corrosion of piping in distribution systems. This includes the corrosion of metal pipe surfaces and connections. The problems create health concerns, colors, taste and odor in water.
Health concerns are related to releases trace metal such as lead, copper or cadmium to the water. Lead exposure can cause delays in physical and mental development in children. Long term exposure to copper may cause liver and kidney damage. High or long term exposure of cadmium may cause damage to various organs. Corrosion of iron materials causes the discoloring of the water that is shown as rust-coloured water or red water. Corrosion of zinc and iron can cause metallic taste.[12]
Various techniques can be used to control internal corrosions, for example, pH level adjustment, adjustment of carbonate and calcium to create calcium carbonate as piping surface coating, and applying a corrosion inhibitor. An example of corrosion inhibitor is using phosphate products to form films over pipes. This reduces the chance of leaching of trace metal from the pipe materials into the water.[13]
Hydrant flushing[edit]
Fire hydrant flushing rusty water
Hydrant flushing is scheduled releases of water from fire hydrants or special flushing hydrants to release iron and other mineral deposits from the water main. Another benefit of using fire hydrants for water main flushing is to ensure that the water is adequately supplied to fire hydrants for fire fighting. During the hydrant flushing, consumers may notice rust color in their water as the iron and mineral deposits are stirred up in the process.[14]
Water main renewals[edit]
After water mains are put in service for a long time, there will be deteriorations in structural, water quality, and hydraulic performances. Structural deterioration may be caused by many reasons. Metal-based pipes develop internal and external corrosion, causing the pipe walls to thin or degrade. They can eventually leak or bust. Cement-based pipes are subjected to cement matrix and reinforced steel deterioration. All pipes are subjected to joint failures. Water quality deterioration includes scaling or tuberculation, sedimentation, and biofilm formation. Scaling is a formation of hard deposits on the interior wall of the pipes. This can be a by-product of the pipe corrosion that is combined with calcium in the water, which is called tuberculation. Sedimentation is when solids are settled within the pipes, usually at recesses between the scaling build-ups. When there is a change in the velocity of water flow (such as sudden use of a fire hydrant), the settled solids will be stirred up causing water to be discolored. Biofilms can be developed in highly scaled pipes where bacteria is allowed to grow as the higher the roughness of the interior wall, the harder it is for disinfectant to be effective by reaching the surface of the pipe wall. Hydraulic deterioration which affect pressures and flows can be a result of other deteriorations that obstruct the water flow.[15]
When it is time for a water main renewal, there are many considerations involved in choosing the method of renewal. This can be open-trench replacement, or one of the pipeline rehabilitation methods. A few pipeline rehabilitation methods are pipe bursting, sliplining, and pipe lining.[15]
- Water main renewal methods
- Open-trench water main replacement
- Feed hydrant supplies water to a temporary bypass piping
- Service connection of a temporary bypass piping
- Temporary fire hydrant
When an in-situ rehabilitation method is used, a benefit is the lower cost as there is no need to have excavation along the water main pipeline. Only small pits are excavated to access the existing water main. The unavailability of the water main during the rehabilitation, however, requires building a temporary water bypass system to serve as the water main in the affected area.[16] A temporary water bypass system (known as temporary bypass piping[17]) should be carefully designed to ensure the adequate water supply to the customers in the project area. Water is taken from a feed hydrant into a temporary pipe. When the pipe crosses a driveway or a road, a cover or a cold patch should be put in place in order to allow cars to cross the temporary pipe. Temporary service connections can be made to the temporary pipe to connect to homes. There are many ways to perform a connection, one of which is to connect the temporary service connection to a garden hose. The temporary pipe should also add temporary fire hydrants for fire protection.[18]
As water main work can disturb lead service lines which can result in elevated lead levels in drinking water, it is recommended that when water utility plans for water main renewal project, it considers working with property owners to replace lead service lines as part of the project.[19]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Cocktail 11 4 – General Maintenance And Optimization Utility Supply Company
- ^'Drinking Water Distribution Systems'. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
- ^'City, S&WB Host Preview of New Water Towers at Carrollton Water Plant'. City of New Orleans. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
- ^ abDrinking water distribution systems : assessing and reducing risks. National Academies Press. 2006. ISBN978-0-309-10306-0. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ ab'Water Distribution Networks CE370'(PDF). King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^Bhave, Pramod R.; Gupta, Rajesh (2006). Analysis of water distribution networks. Alpha Science International. p. 4. ISBN9781842653593.
- ^ abcWater safety in distribution systems(PDF). 2014. ISBN9789241548892. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ^'Water Distribution'. Britannica Encyclopedia. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^Rowett, Anthony Jr. 'From Hoselines to Hydrants: Understanding Water Supply'. Firehouse. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ^'Glossary'. Mueller Water Products. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ^Adeosun, O. Oyedele (9 September 2014). 'Water Distribution System Challenges And Solutions'. Water Online. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^Mala-Jetmarova, Helena; Barton, Andrew; Bagirov, Adil (April 2015). 'A history of water distribution systems and their optimisation'. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply. 15 (2): 224–235. doi:10.2166/ws.2014.115.
- ^Internal Corrosion Control in Water Distribution Systems (M37). American Water Works Association. 12 January 2011. pp. 2–9. ISBN9781613001172. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^The Use of Phosphates in Water Treatment for Corrosion Control & Sequestration(PDF). Carus Corporation. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ^'Hydrant Flushing Facts & Frequently Asked Questions'. City of St. Charles. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ abRehabilitation of water mains(PDF) (Third ed.). American Water Works Association. 2014. ISBN9781583219706. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
- ^'Local Water System Assistance Program (LWSAP) For Member Communities Massachusetts Water Resources Authority'. Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
- ^'ITEM C660.5X: Temporary Bypass Piping'(PDF). Monroe County, New York. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
- ^Cement Mortar Water Main Cleaning & Lining(PDF). Terrace Construction.
- ^Communicating About Lead Service Lines: A Guide for Water Systems Addressing Service Line Repair and Replacement(PDF). American Water Works Association. 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
Cocktail 11 4 – General Maintenance And Optimization Utility Supply Inc
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